Kurt Lewin and complexity theories back to the future

Joumal of Change Management, Vol. 4, No. 4, 309-325, December 2004 i\ l\ Kurt Lewin and complexity theories: back to the future? BERNARD BURNES Manchester School of Management, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, UK ABSTRACT Many writers acknowledge the significance of Kurt Lewin s contribution to organizational change. However, over the last 20 years, where the focus has been on rapid, transformational change, Lewin s work has increasingly become seen as outmoded and irrelevant to the needs of modem organizations. It might be expected that this tendency would increase as academics and practitioners draw on the work of complexity theorists to portray organizations as complex,†¦show more content†¦Many writers have argued that organizations are also complex systems which, to survive, need to operate at the edge of chaos and have to respond continuously to changes in their environments through just such a process of spontaneous self-organizing change (Lewis, 1994; Stickland, 1998; Macintosh and MacLean, 1999, 2001; Hayles, 2000; Macbeth, 2002; Stacey, 2003). This is a far cry from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, where the received wisdom was that change was an incremental process (Quinn, 1980) and that the best way to manage this was through Kurt Lewin s Planned approach to change (French and Bell, 1990; Cummings and Worley, 2001). Given its group-based, consensual and relatively slow nature. Planned change began to attract criticism in the 1980s from those questioning its appropriateness in an era of radical organizational change (Peters and Waterman, 1982; Wilson, 1992; Dawson, 1994; Buchanan and Storey, 1997; Hatch, 1997). The following quotation is perhaps typical of the criticisms levelled against Lewin s approach to change: Lewin s model was a simple one, with organizational change involving three stages; unfreezing, changing and refreezing . . . This quaintly linear andShow MoreRelatedPlanned Approach to Change11990 Words   |  48 PagesKurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal Bernard Burnes Manchester School of Management ï  ¡Ã¯  ¢Ã¯  ³Ã¯  ´Ã¯  ²Ã¯  ¡Ã¯  £Ã¯  ´ The work of Kurt Lewin dominated the theory and practice of change management for over 40 years. However, in the past 20 years, Lewin’s approach to change, particularly the 3-Step model, has attracted major criticisms. The key ones are that his work: assumed organizations operate in a stable state; was only suitable for small-scale change projects; ignored organizational powerRead MoreGroup Decision And Social Change Essay1936 Words   |  8 PagesGroup Decision and Social Change - Kurt Lewin A diagnosis to this problem would be the fact that people almost always resist to change. The resistance to change at the City of Troutdale is a normal reaction. Organizational change is an ongoing topic in organizational behavior. As each manager wants to make the organization a better place because everyone is a part of it, organizational change is important to organizational development. Organizational change is the process of employees making relativelyRead MoreU.s. Government s Department Of Defense1238 Words   |  5 Pagessimilar to Max Weber s classical organization theory as he viewed it from a macro perspective (Onday, 2016). Conversely, the Government is very different from a micro-level perspective. Micro Level Contingency and Lateral Approaches The micro level, below the military and civilian directorates, the leadership is less authoritative, this is particularly true on the civilian side. The civilian side of Government follows more of neo-classical management theory, focused more on culture and performanceRead MoreCase Study: Transact Insurance Ltd1357 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluences on the evolution of that culture. Consider the changes in the South African environment (competition, globalisation, employment equity, downsizing, need for innovation, etc), and indicate the suitability of the organisational culture for the future objectives of the organisation. Case study: Transact Insurance Ltd Transact Insurance Ltd (TIL) provides motor vehicle insurance throughout South Africa. Last year, a new managing director was hired by the TILS’s board of directors to improve theRead MoreCase Study: Transact Insurance Ltd1347 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluences on the evolution of that culture. Consider the changes in the South African environment (competition, globalisation, employment equity, downsizing, need for innovation, etc), and indicate the suitability of the organisational culture for the future objectives of the organisation. Case study: Transact Insurance Ltd Transact Insurance Ltd (TIL) provides motor vehicle insurance throughout South Africa. Last year, a new managing director was hired by the TILS’s board of directors to improve theRead MoreZHANG Yuanli Mgts1601 Essay2258 Words   |  10 Pagesrecommendations based on the Kurt Lewin Change Model. Lewin’s model is also known as ‘Unfreeze-change-refreeze’ approach, where any change process in the organisation should be embraced after having thorough understanding of the process and adequate motivation for those affected has to be facilitated (Brisson-Banks, 2010, p. 244). 4|Page Organisation Behaviour; MGTS 1601; Individual Essay; Employee resistance to change Yuanli Zhang 43401163 (Figure 1.0 Kurt Lewin Change Model, source from AlchemyRead MoreApplication Of A Plagiarism Declaration4136 Words   |  17 PagesTitle: Organisational Behaviour Leadership Academic Tutor: Dr. Shova Thapa Karki Module Convener: Dr. David Twigg Submission Type (Delete One): Individual Word Count (if applicable): Page Count: WORK BASED REPORT As managers anticipate the future of their organizations in the midst of a persistent recession and rapidly changing global business environment, they can’t snub the inescapability of change. Change is certainly among the most frequently used words on the business pages of every newspaperRead MoreThe Importance of Management for the Success of an Organization2750 Words   |  11 Pagesorganization is required to marshal and control a group of people, guiding them toward optimal utilization of its resources – especially human—as it attempts to actualize its ultimate goals. Given the importance and subjectivity of management, several theories and techniques have emerged. In this essay I will discuss the ‘rational’ approach towards management. I will trace and examine the historical developments that have led to the emergence of the ‘rational’ approach over the past centuries. I will thenRead MoreAnalysis Of Kurt Lewin s Change Management Model And John Kotter s Eight Step Change Model2105 Words   |  9 PagesToit (2003) highlights the importance that when choosing the change model it is imperative agents are aware of the choice and its theory of use. Unfortunately â€Å"it is difficult to identify any consensus regarding a framework for organisational change management† (Todnem By, 2005, 370). This section will look to critically analyse two of the most commonly used models, Kurt Lewin’s change management model and John Kotter’s eight step change model (Mourfield, 2014). Carnall (2007) states Lewin’s changeRead MoreManaging Complex Change Within The Organization3878 Words   |  16 Pagesmanaging the change would remain the same. Management approach The most effective theory which I feel is more practical and applicable is the following This sums up the most complex of the changes bringing down to the most basic level. 1. Unfreeze 2. Transition 3. Refreeze THEORIES According to an article in Forbes, Change Management Guru is the world’s oldest profession. Almost everyone has a few theories about change management. While there are many change management models, most companies

A Perfect Utopian Society Is Not A Utopia - 850 Words

In a perfect utopian society everyone gets what they need because communication, understanding, and open mindedness of different ideas would be key. In order for a society to be a utopia, everyone has to be comfortable and be provided with their wants and needs and everything needs to function perfectly. In order for function and equality, people must compromise in thoughts and ideas to provide for everyone. To do that, one must have a good understanding of why others may think differently and have the ability to accept that. One of the many reasons our Earth is not a utopia is because of the competition and contradictory understandings of people, and the inability to accept other’s ideas. You do not have to believe what others believe, but respect for separate thought would make the world better. If everyone had their thoughts heard, were more sympathetic of different ideas and more capable of compromise, then there would possibly not be such gaps in social standing and human s dying from lack of basic needs while others bathe in gold. Life can indeed benefit from understanding other people s thought processes and ideas. I am a strong believer that people are, for the most part, shaped by the way they were raised and the ideas that were put into their heads from a young age. I do not believe anyone is born good or evil. These ideas can show that analization of someone’s thoughts and understandings can go a long way. Take the Hitler Youth for example; these children wereShow MoreRelatedUtopia is defined as a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social1000 Words   |  4 PagesUtopia is defined as a place of ideal perfection especially in laws, government, and social conditions, (merriam-webster.com). Utopia is a mindset that people are conditioned to believe is achievable, when in actuality it isn’t. In a utopian society when people believe that they have reached idealized perfection, there will still be things or p eople that make the society imperfect. â€Å"Every utopia faces the same problem: What do you do with the people who dont fit in?† (Margaret Atwood, a novelistRead MoreThe Perfect Society In Sir Thomas Mores Utopia790 Words   |  4 Pages What is a Utopia? When people think of the term Utopia they think of an ideal or perfect Society. In Sir Thomas More’s â€Å"Utopia† we are introduced to such a society. However, today’s reader can see that the society More’s mention’s is filled with many underlying problems that make it seem less ideal or perfect, because it puts too much stress on the freedom’s and rights of its citizens. Such an act is detrimental in creating a utopia, because if the citizens are not happy with their freedom’s andRead MoreUtopia, by Thomas More: Your Wost Nightmare Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesUtopia is a brilliant novel written by Thomas More. The idea of a utopia seems impossible, how can anyone live in a perfect place when perfection is in the eyes of the beholder? The Utopia in this novel is nothing more than abundant of already established ideas therefore it can’t not truly be a Utopia. The abolition of private property is one of Mores chief criticisms of Utopia; it seems to mimic the common understandings of communism, which Thomas More’s character Raphael has been accused of protectingRead More Utopian Dreams Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout the ages, man has come to idealize a word that is most commonly related to ‘heavenly’ or ‘perfect’ without actually picking up the book and realizing for themselves that there is no such thing. A Utopian society could never exist because man is made to want, to desire success. Man is competitive by nature and would never be happy in a society where everyone is equal and there is no chance of advancement. Sir Thomas More dreamt of a land that was much like England but could neverRead MoreHumans Are Naturally Born Imperfect1680 Words   |  7 Pagessinners, and we must make our way to achieve the idea of a perfect human being, whether it take our whole life time, or not. Throughout our life it is within ourselves, to use our free will to make morally good choices in order for us to be considered as perfect. However, along with our free will to make morally good choices in our life, the laws set by our government, and standards expected of by ou r community help shape us into this perfect human being. Though by the laws, and standards with liveRead More Literary Utopian Societies Essays1747 Words   |  7 Pages Literary Utopian Societies â€Å"The vision of one century is often the reality of the next†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Nelson 108). Throughout time, great minds have constructed their own visions of utopia. Through the study of utopias, one finds that these â€Å"perfect† societies have many flaws. For example, most utopias tend to have an authoritarian nature (Manuel 3). Also, another obvious imperfection found in the majority of utopias is that of a faulty social class system (Thomas 94). But one must realized that the flawsRead MoreUtopi A Critique Of 17th And 16th Century English And European Society1416 Words   |  6 PagesPaper 3: Utopia Sir Thomas More’s Utopia offers a critique of 15th and 16th century English and European society. He offers this criticism through a fictitious recount of world traveler Raphael Hythloday’s journey to the land of Utopia. More brilliantly expresses his criticisms of society through the voice of Hythloday, primarily so none of his views, no matter how outlandish, couldn’t technically be tied back to him. This societal critique was one of the most famous works produced from the RenaissanceRead MoreRole Of Uniformity In Utopia1019 Words   |  5 Pages The Role of Uniformity in Utopia Utopia by Thomas More creates a unique opportunity for readers to examine the society of a fictional island filled with practices out of the collective norms. More’s Utopia written in 1516, addresses the customs, faith, and politics of a fictional island. Utopia is described by traveling philosopher Hythloday as a perfect society that values sameness and old traditions. Utopia, a crescent-shaped island built by General Utopus, is 500 miles of uniformity inRead More Comparing Margaret Cavendish’s The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World and Sir Tho1706 Words   |  7 PagesBlazing World and Sir Thomas More’s Utopia The so-called Utopia – the quasi-perfect society – flourishes in Margaret Cavendish’s â€Å"The Description of a New World, Called a Blazing World† and Sir Thomas More’s Utopia. While the former is a dreamlike account of fantasy rule and the latter a pseudo-realistic travelogue, both works paint a picture of worlds that are not so perfect after all. These imperfections glitter like false gemstones in the paths of these Utopians’ religious beliefs, politicalRead More Utopia Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesUtopia The text Utopia was written by Sir Thomas Moore in 1516, just before the outbreak of the Reformation. More’s life flourished through the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, which were influential years in the Renaissance, a flowering of art and thought that began in Italy and flooded through Europe and England. Humanists often stressed the dignity of man and the power of reason while remaining deeply committed to Christianity. Their thought and writings helped to break the

Competitive Strategy of Samsung and Tesla †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy of Samsung and Tesla. Answer: Samsung Samsung was incorporated in 1938 as a South Korean international company. It operates in various industries including electronics, insurance, manufacturing and war equipment. The organisation had revenue of US$173.36 billion in 2016 financial year. The organisation sold more than 90 million smartphones and 8 million tablets in 2016. The reason for selecting Samsung is that the company has captured more than 23 percent of worlds smartphone market. The company sold a mixture of luxury and low-cost smartphone which provides them a competitive advantage over its competitors such as Apple or HTC. Competitive Strategy According to Russell (2017), Samsungs strategy is based on red ocean strategy in which a company bases their business on the weaknesses of their competitors. Unlike its biggest competitor Apple, who sells limited luxury products, Samsung flooded the market by their products. In 2015 the company had launched 56 phones and in 2016 they have launched 31 phones in the market. This allows them to target all the section of customers through their products, unlike Apple who targets just rich customers. The company also invest in other electronic products such as refrigerator, television, home security software, and web services. This allows them to create an electronic products chain which is integrated with each other. Samsung applied a vertical integration in their products, meaning they own and operate all the function of smartphone manufacturing process. Applying this strategy increases the efficiency and quality of products. Samsung keeps updating their products with new innovations which help them in selling a large number of products. The company refreshes their product chain in one or two years with the latest features. According to book of Michell (2010), this allows Samsung to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. Business Model Innovation Samsung business model helps the company in creating a large number of products and targeting each section of the smartphone market. The key elements of the business model are (Khanna, Song and Lee 2011): Unlike its competitors, Samsung manufactures products for all type of customers. Their phones range from US$140 to US$800. This allows them to sell more products than its competitors. The company applies vertical integration in their product manufacturing, meaning they own and control each part of phones manufacturing process. This enhances the quality and efficiency of their products and reduced the costs. The company manufactures many electronics items such as refrigerators, television, batteries and much more. This enables the company to integrate all their products, so they work better with each other, which eventually increase Samsungs sales. CAGE framework Samsung is a global company with more than 23 percent market share in smartphone market. The company analyses and evaluate various cultural, administrative, geographic and economic factors of countries, before formulating their policies. For example, they study Indian markets and launched a line of low-cost smartphones (J and On series) because demand for low-cost smartphones is high in Indian markets. This approach helps the company enhance their market share and sustain their future growth (Chang 2011). Tesla Tesla is an American automotive organisation, founded in 2003. Tesla manufactures electric cars and devices that store energy. The company crossed a milestone by selling 200,000 cars worldwide, making them second largest electronic vehicle manufacturer. Elon Musk, the CEO of the organisation announced revenue of US$7 billion in the fiscal year of 2016. The purpose of choosing Tesla is that they have made electric car popular for the average consumer. The company has transformed the electric car industry by introducing their lithium-ion batteries. Tesla has gained a unique reputation in the market by creating a positive environment around their brand. Strategy Tesla has changed the electric car industry with their lithium-ion batteries. The company strategy is to use these batteries in order to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. Tesla batteries allow the vehicle to store more charge and increase the efficiency of the vehicle. These batteries allow the vehicle to deliver high mileage, compared to other batteries in the market. The performance of Teslas electric car cannot match by its competitors. Tesla has established a unique and strong value chain environment around their brand, which motivates customers to select Tesla over its competition (Karamitsios 2013). According to Grover and Sahai (2010), Teslas strategy is to invest in software research, which allows their cars software to be better than its competitors. The organisation provides a constant update to its software and adds new capabilities which attract customers. Tesla has introduced supercharging station throughout North America which allows customers to charge their vehicle in between trips. The overall customers satisfaction rate of Tesla is above its competitors. Business Model Innovation Mangram (2012) has said that Tesla has implemented a unique business model to achieve their objective, which was to manufacture an electric car for average customers. The key elements of the model include: Tesla manufactures an expensive electric car called The Roadster (2008), to target high wealth customers. The quantity of Roadster was significantly low. They manufacture another electric car with the income of Roadster. It was called The Model S (2012) and it was targeted for wealthy customers. The company manufactured a medium quantity of this vehicle. Model S income is used by the company to manufacture a low-cost electric car called The Model 3 (intended for 2017), which will be manufactured in high quantity for average customers. Tesla has implemented a straight to consumer sales model that reduce the cost of their vehicle significantly by removing the middle firm. The company updates their business model according to market conditions. CAGE framework To achieve the target of other car manufacturers, Tesla has to extend their business in different countries. The companys reputation has already created a demand for their vehicles in various countries. Tesla is required to evaluate cultural, administrative, geographic and economic factors of different automotive market, to formulate policies of their international expansion. By capturing international electric car market, Tesla can become worlds largest electric car manufacturer and sustain their future development (Chatsko 2015). References Chang, S.J., 2011.Sony vs Samsung: The Inside Story of the Electronics Giants' Battle For Global Supremacy. John Wiley Sons. Chatsko, M., 2015. The Tesla gigafactories are coming. can global lithium supply keep up.Motley Fool. Grover, P. and Sahai, A., 2010, June. Shannon meets Tesla: Wireless information and power transfer. InInformation Theory Proceedings (ISIT), 2010 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 2363-2367). IEEE. Karamitsios, A., 2013. Open innovation in EVs: A case study of Tesla Motors. Khanna, T., Song, J. and Lee, K., 2011. The paradox of Samsungs rise.Harvard Business Review,89(7/8), pp.142-147. Mangram, M.E., 2012. The globalization of Tesla Motors: a strategic marketing plan analysis.Journal of Strategic Marketing,20(4), pp.289-312. Michell, T., 2010.Samsung Electronics: And the Struggle For Leadership of the Electronics Industry. John Wiley Sons. Russell, J., 2017. Samsung record highest profit jump in 3 years. TechCrunch. Retrieved from https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/23/samsung-q4-2016/

Analysis of Human Resource System at Riordan

Analysis of Human Resource System at Riordan Free Online Research Papers Riordan Manufacturing is a plastics manufacturing company with operations in the United States and in China. Riordan employs around 500 employees. Currently, the tracking of employees is done on different systems throughout the company. The tracking system is severely in need of automation and consolidation of employee information. To retain employee satisfaction and stay competitive with other companies, it is necessary for Riordan to update or implement a new system to be more effective. Right now the company’s human resources department does not meet these needs. The company’s HRIS system was installed in 1992. It is a part of the financial systems package and keeps track of the following employee information: Personal information (such as name, address, marital status, birth date, etc.) Pay rate Personal exemptions for tax purposes Hire date Seniority date (which is sometimes different than the hire date) Organizational information (department for budget purposes, manager’s name, etc.) Vacation hours (for non-exempt employees) Changes to this information are submitted in writing by the employee’s manager and are entered into the system by the payroll clerk. Training and development records are kept in an Excel worksheet by the training and development specialist. Each recruiter maintains applicant information for open positions. Rà ©sumà ©s are filed in a central storage area, and an Excel spreadsheet is used to track the status of applicants. Workers’ compensation is managed by a third-party provider, which keeps its own records. Employee files are kept by individual managers; there is no central employee file area. Managers are also responsible for tracking FMLA absences and any requests for accommodation under the ADA. The compensation manager keeps an Excel spreadsheet with the results of job analyses, salary surveys and individual compensation decisions. Employee relations specialists track information about complaints, grievances, harassment complaints, etc. in locked files in t heir offices (Riordan Human Resources, 2004). The scope of this project is either to handle all the above HR activities with a single, commercially-available application, develop an application that can handle those activities competently, or outsource the responsibilities. Whichever solution is chosen, the system requirements and functional requirements must also be met. After reviewing the annual employee satisfaction survey results job satisfaction has decreased significantly. Employees were also asked about the working conditions and I found from the survey the average for this was the employee agreed. Next, employees were asked about personal opportunity for transfer, promotions, job training and other opportunities at Riordan. This is another area where the employees score has gone down significantly. In the Cooperation area of the survey it questions the employees overall how they relate to other employees they work with. This has overall remained the same. Compensation and Benefits section of the survey has shown the most significant decline over the years. Employees are feeling they are underpaid for the work they do and would leave the company if a job opportunity arose paying 10% more they would leave Riordan. Employees are also feeling if they do a good job and work hard they will be reward fairly is not true. Communication in the company has basically remain the same, employees are overall agree with questions they were asked. Management satisfaction at Riordan has slightly decrease over the three years and over the last quarter complaints regarding unfair discipline and inadequate training are becoming increasingly high (Riordan Manufacturing, 2003/2004). As Yvonne McMillan stated in a memo to Dale Edgel, where she has put together a summary of employee grievances, they are seeing an increasing amount of complaints directly contributing to the employee satisfaction issues. Ms. McMillan also states supervisor training is needed as many of the issues seem to be directly related to supervisory misconduct (Yvonne McMillan, personal communication, May 1, 2004). Research Papers on Analysis of Human Resource System at RiordanMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Project Managment Office SystemAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Music3 essays

Music3 essays Today, many people in the United States listen to country music. People have almost always listen to this type of music, from early rebels, to the families of today. The topic of true country music usually remains the same in all songs. The country atmosphere is more family oriented and provides children and all people with good role models. From the classics of Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard, and Waylon Jennings to the new music of today, country music is the best music for all listeners. In most country songs, the topic and underlying meaning in true country songs have remained the same for many years. The belief of going to church, working hard and supporting a family have been important to country singers around the world. Also, the ideas of being a rebel, a country boy, and just simply doing everything for yourself, are the ideas of country lovers from the beginning. Maybe it is just big talk, or gives people a false sense of security, but country music reflects my beliefs and the way that I was raised. Country music is very family oriented. People of all ages from around the world can enjoy the sound and message of country music. Songs of love, country homes, and farms, are some examples of songs in the country world. Country is very good in the way of not singing about killing, religion, or murders, like many rock songs, to get a point across. As a result, it does not matter what songs people like. From the classics of Willie Nelson and others, to the songs of Garth Brooks, Clint Black, and the artists of today, there is a place for everyone to love in country music. ...

Final Project for a linguistic class called Introduction to Essay

Final Project for a linguistic class called Introduction to Linguistics - Essay Example In 1889 operators of central telephone exchange were called as hello girls. Hello can be used in a lot of senses; it can be used as a greeting, to answer a telephone, to attract attention, an exclamation of surprise or wonder (e.g., we went to see Eiffel Tower and hello! It was beautiful). We can even use hello as a noun when we say (e.g., it was a cry of hello), basically hello is an interjection expressing some informal greeting. It is also used when we’re questioning something with someone being addressed, (e.g. are you happy with what is going to happen here? Hello!). We can use hello as a noun as well (e.g. I went to meet Alex but he gave me a cold hello), as verb (e.g. I helloed very loudly before someone could take notice of my arrival). Tough the whole world now uses Hello but British people still use hullo. This word â€Å"Dude† is from American vocabulary, it was first used in the year 1883. Dude is used for a male and when using for a female. Two words dudine & dudess are used; however dudine is more popular than dudess. This word is pronounced as â€Å"dood† and it has quite a few meanings, initially it was used in America for those Easterners who move to west and start living there but that meaning is not accurate anymore. Dude in present day is used in quite some other meanings. Dude can be used as slang for friend, chap, mate or a fellow. Other than that dude is also referred to some guy who is very concerned about his dressing as per fashion, another meaning of dude is used for a some man who is staying on a farm but that is also an old meaning of Dude. We also say dude up as slang for dress up (e.g. look at him! All dude up to impress the girls at bar). Some people are of the opinion that dude is derived from another word dud which means a failure or a flop which is the opposite of Dude. This word has a very long history; it was first recorded in 1050 in England. It was first called godsibb which means godparent as in god-sib (sib as

Law Enforcement and Policing- (Deputy Sheriff) Essay

Law Enforcement and Policing- (Deputy Sheriff) - Essay Example The sheriff is the head of the department-wide authority. Different ranks have the scope of authority in a given county for analysis purpose we shall take an example of Montgomery county in Tennessee. Here we find that the sheriff is the department-wide authority with an insignia having five gold stars arranged in a pentagon, second in command is the chief deputy sheriff with a badge having four gold stars arranged in a line the chief deputy sheriff is responsible with department-wide jurisdiction with the authority to act in the stead of the sheriff. The captain is third in command where he acts as a division commander his badge is a double gold bars. The lieutenant is forth in command whom is the section commander and carries a insignia with a single gold bar (Inwald, 1988). The sergeant is the fifth in command who his responsibility is the unit or the shift commander for identification he has 3 chevrons. Next to him the investigator is basically called school resource officer, their responsibilities are to provide direction for deputies at crime scenes there is no way of identifying them since they do not wear any insignia. The corporal is responsible for field training officer for patrol shift supervisor or detection division, the corporal wears 2 chevrons with FTO notation for patrol. lastly in the basic organizational structure is the deputy sheriff who is the only one whose badge is silver as opposed to others who have a gold badge in color, he has no insignia (Inwald, 1991). The sheriff has is important in every county due to the functions that he is responsible for within the county, the sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer who is charged with the responsibility of policing the county and keeping the peace, he has the power to make arrests and administration of jail and custody of the inmates. The sheriff also serves as the treasurer of the county and is responsible for collecting all taxes which are levied by the